Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweiyo simbi zvivakwa mune akawanda-akakwira-kukwidza zvivakwa

Munhoroondo yekuvakwa kwevanhu, midziyo yemusango yakadai sepasi, dombo nehuni dzakatanga kushandiswa nevanhu sezvinhu zvekuvaka. Nekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji munharaunda yevanhu, simbi uye simbi zvakagadzirwa pamwero mukuru, zvichiunza zvinhu zvakasimba zvekuvakwa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvivakwa zvakachengeteka uye zvakachengetedzeka.

Indasitiri yesimbi uye yeSimbi muEurope yakagadzira yekutanga, uye nokudaro simbi uye zvivakwa zvesimbi muEurope zvakare chishandiso chekutanga. 1720 Europe yakatanga kugadzirwa kweNguruve yeNjiva, iyi nguva yeEurope yakatanga kudzorera mbiru dzekuvhurika, kuti utore kugadzirwa kwekuvhurika uye pasi pekuvhurika, iyo yekutanga Simbi Chivako Chivakwa (1772), the Chekutanga Iron Column Mulmy-Store Kuvaka (1793) uye yekutanga yakazara Iron Frame Chivakwa (1797) yakavakirwa muBritain.

Kugadzirwa kukuru kweI-Iron profiles muEurope muna 1854, izvo zvaive zvakaringana zvekuvaka zvivakwa zveSimbi, uye chakavakwa. Chivakwa ichocho chakavakwa chakachena cheSimbi Skeleton, nemazimbe uye makoramu akaomarara zvakabatana uye nekukaswa kuti gadziriswe nemhepo mitoro, hurongwa hwechirongwa huchiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mune zvivakwa zvemazuva ano.

Mufananidzo 1-1

Dhiza reIron Darishi rakaunzwa kuUnited States mukutanga kwezana ramakore re19, kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, nekuwedzera kweUnited States 1885 muUnited States of America muChicago yakapera kuratidzwa mune inoonekwa seyekutanga nyika yakakwira-kukwirira imba Chivako chinoshandisa zvigaro zveimbi uye zvesimbi columns chimiro, iyo kunze kwezvidhinha madziro ichiri kutakura madziro. Iyo 9-Nyaya, 37-Meter-Meter-High Rand Imally Kuvaka, yakavakwa muChicago muna 1889, yakashandisa chimiro chegumi nemana

Mufananidzo 1-2

Muzana ramakore rechi20, nekuvandudzwa kwesimbi dhizaini yekugadzira nzira, simbi kugadzira chivakwa muUnited States vakatanga kupinda "Skyscraper" nguva. 1900 yakakomberedza kupedzwa kweiyo 36-Nyaya Simbi Chimiro Park Row Kuvaka muNew York, yaive chivakwa chose chose chose panguva iyoyo. 1907 muNew York akapedza muimbi kuvaka, 47-nyaya 187m yakakwira, ndiyo yekutanga yenyika yepasiramidhi yemazuva ano kupfuura muIjipita akareba akareba. Muna 1918, New York yakapedza makumi matanhatu-nyaya, 242 mita-yakanyanya kunaka kuvaka, chivakwa chakareba kwazvo, chivakwa chenyika panguva iyoyo. Uye muna 1931 muNew York yakapedza iyo 1021m High Empire State State State State (Mufananidzo), chiitiko chakakosha munyika yezvivakwa zvakakwira, ichi chivakwa chekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvepamusoro-soro kwemakore makumi mana.

Mufananidzo 1-3

Muna 1965, Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan, SkidmE, Skidmore, OWLSE Pfungwa Dzemhando dzeMaperensi dzeMasita Well-anozivikanwa World Trade Center (Mufananidzo 1-4) uye Sears Tower (Mufananidzo 1-5). Zvichienderana neiyi pfungwa itsva yeruzivo uye kukurumidza kukura kwe computational mechanics muma1960s, tafura yekukwira madiki ezvivakwa (Tafura yeWalmy Trade (Fig. 1-4) uye Sears tower (Fig. 1-5).

Mufananidzo 1-4

Mufananidzo 1-5

Kuwedzera kuUnited States, Japan nyika ine zvivakwa zvakakwirira-simbi, chikonzero chei, kuwedzera kune indasitiri yesimbi yakanyatsogadzirwa, pane chimwe chikonzero chakakosha chekufunga nezvekupesana nekudengenyeka kwenyika. Nekuti Japan inyika yakati wandei, kusvika 1963 kodhi yekuvaka yeJapan yekuvaka chete yakangodzokorodza chivakwa hachitenderwe kupfuudza 31m zvakazara zvigaro zvekupa. Muchisimba, moto, mhepo uye dzimwe nyaya dzesainzi uye dzehunyanzvi dzepamhepo dzakakura, dzakapedzerwa pakuvakira Kubva ipapo, yakakwira-yakakwira zvivakwa muJapan yave iri kukurumidza kukura kwe66-Nyaya 147m High Simbi Kasumigase Pakazosvika 1980s, huwandu hwakazara hwesimbi Parizvino, ruzhinji rwezvivakwa zvitsva-dzakakwira zvivakwa pamusoro makumi maviri pasi peJapan vanotora dhizaini simbi.

United Kingdom ndiyo chikamu chepamusoro chechivakwa chesimbi kuvaka muEurope, dzinosangana nenzvimbo yezvivakwa muUnited Kingdoms vari kushandisa zvivakwa zveBrithol-British. Kushandiswa kwakawanda kwechimiro chesimbi muzvivakwa zvakakwirira muUK zvakabatsirwa nerutsigiro rwemberi rweBritish (gare gare kuti vave maCorus

Southeast Asia inoti ratidziro yehupfumi hwenyika, zvivakwa zvakakwirira-zvakakwirira zvakatanga kuvakwa muhuwandu hukuru mudunhu iri mushure me1970s, asi vazhinji vavo vanosimbiswa makomendi mongororo. Nekudaro, mushure mekupinda ma1990 gadziriro yezvivakwa zvakakwirira zvakave nekuwedzera zvivakwa zveChina neyechina, 1997 (Fig. 1-7).

Mufananidzo 1-6

Mufananidzo 1-7

Sezvineiwo neiyo 101-nyaya, 508m-yakakwirira Taipei Center chivakwa (Mufananidzo 1-8) wakapera muTaipei mumiririri weIltra-kukwirira-kwakakwira zvivakwa zvesimbi.

Mufananidzo 1-8

Mufananidzo 1-9

Nekuda kwehunyanzvi uye hupfumi zvikonzero, zvakakwira-kukwirira simbi zvigadzirwa zvakavakwa muChina kubva pakati pa1980s. Kubva ipapo, ne china shanduko uye kuvhurika nekuvandudza kwehupfumi, vaGujing, Shenzhen, Shenzhen Zvivakwa zvePudong, etc. 421m-yakakwira jin mao tower (Fig. 1-9), iyo iri parizvino yakanyanya kuwanda mu Mainland China, yakanyorwa seyechitatu munyika. Muna 1998, iyo 88-Nyaya 421-metr-meter-meter-metr-met